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Cyclin-dependent kinase
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells.〔Morgan, David O. (2007). ''The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control.'' London: New Science Press, 1st ed.〕 They are present in all known eukaryotes, and their regulatory function in the cell cycle has been evolutionarily conserved. In fact, yeast cells can proliferate normally when their CDK gene has been replaced with the homologous human gene.〔〔Lee, Melanie; Nurse, Paul. (1987). "Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2." ''Nature'' 327:31-35.〕 CDKs are relatively small proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 34 to 40 kDa, and contain little more than the kinase domain.〔
By definition, a CDK binds a regulatory protein called a cyclin. Without cyclin, CDK has little kinase activity; only the cyclin-CDK complex is an active kinase. CDKs phosphorylate their substrates on serines and threonines, so they are serine-threonine kinases.〔 The consensus sequence for the phosphorylation site in the amino acid sequence of a CDK substrate is ()PX(), where S/T
* is the phosphorylated serine or threonine, P is proline, X is any amino acid, K is lysine, and R is arginine.〔
==Types==
Table 1: Known CDKs, their cyclin partners, and their functions in the human 〔 and consequences of deletion in mice.〔Satyanarayana, A; Kaldis. (2009). “Mammalian cell-cycle regulation: several Cdks, numerous cyclins, and diverse compensatory mechanisms” “Oncogene” 28:2925-2939〕
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